{"id":6584,"date":"2022-02-08T18:31:20","date_gmt":"2022-02-08T10:31:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/scc.sg\/e\/?page_id=6584"},"modified":"2022-02-08T18:35:41","modified_gmt":"2022-02-08T10:35:41","slug":"body-dysmorphic-disorder-bdd","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/scc.sg\/e\/body-dysmorphic-disorder-bdd\/","title":{"rendered":"Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"#bdd1\">What is BDD?<\/a><\/strong> | <strong><a href=\"#bdd2\">Symptoms of BDD<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>| <strong><a href=\"#bdd3\">Causes &#038; Risk Factors of BDD<\/a><\/strong> | <strong><a href=\"#bdd4\">Treatment of BDD<\/a><\/strong> | <strong><a href=\"#bdd5\">FAQ<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div   class='hr hr-short hr-center   avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_image '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_heading  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><div class='avia-image-overlay-wrap'><img class='avia_image' src='https:\/\/scc.sg\/e\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/pexels-min-an-1134184-1500x630.jpg' alt='Body Dysmorphic Disorder' title='Body Dysmorphic Disorder' height=\"630\" width=\"1500\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\"  \/><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  id=\"bdd1\"  style='padding-bottom:10px; ' class='av-special-heading av-special-heading-h2    avia-builder-el-3  el_after_av_image  el_before_av_textblock  '><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >What is Body Dysmorphic Disorder?<\/h2><div class='special-heading-border'><div class='special-heading-inner-border' ><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is an obsessive-compulsive disorder. It features preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws in one\u2019s physical appearance. These flaws tend to be self-perceived, and in reality may appear insignificant or even non-existent to others. Commonly perceived flaws involve the skin (e.g. acne), hair (e.g. balding), nose (e.g. size or symmetry). However, any other body part can be the subject of BDD, such as the teeth, stomach, genitalia or legs. Their preoccupation with these perceived bodily flaws usually lead them to compulsive behaviours such as skin picking [<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596)\">1<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>These obsessive thoughts and resulting compulsive behaviours tend to affect daily functioning. For example, an individual might be unable to go to work as he feels like others will judge his bad appearance. Having BDD also increases one\u2019s risk of developing certain mental disorders, such as mood, anxiety and eating disorders. Individuals with BDD might even develop suicidal tendencies due to the condition [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mind.org.uk\/information-support\/types-of-mental-health-problems\/body-dysmorphic-disorder-bdd\/about-bdd\/\">2<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>BDD occurs equally in both men and women. It is typically a long-term disorder that begins during one\u2019s teen years or early adulthood.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  id=\"bdd2\"  style='padding-bottom:10px; ' class='av-special-heading av-special-heading-h2    avia-builder-el-5  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_heading  '><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Symptoms of Body Dysmorphic Disorder<\/h2><div class='special-heading-border'><div class='special-heading-inner-border' ><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  style='padding-bottom:10px; ' class='av-special-heading av-special-heading-h3  blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_heading  el_before_av_textblock  '><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Cognitive Symptoms<\/h3><div class='special-heading-border'><div class='special-heading-inner-border' ><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li>Preoccupation with a perceived flaw that is otherwise insignificant or nonexistent to others<\/li>\n<li>Belief that others are paying special attention to these perceived flaws<\/li>\n<li>Belief that these perceived flaws make one ugly<\/li>\n<li>Comparison of appearance with that of others\u2019<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  style='padding-bottom:10px; ' class='av-special-heading av-special-heading-h3  blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-8  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock  '><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Behavioural Symptoms<\/h3><div class='special-heading-border'><div class='special-heading-inner-border' ><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li>Engagement in repetitive behaviours to \u201cfix\u201d one\u2019s perceived flaw, e.g. mirror checking, excessive grooming, and skin picking<\/li>\n<li>Constant seeking of reassurance from others on one\u2019s appearance<\/li>\n<li>Hiding perceived flaws through makeup, clothing, accessories, etc.<\/li>\n<li>Undergoing cosmetic procedures like plastic surgery [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hopkinsmedicine.org\/health\/conditions-and-diseases\/body-dysmorphic-disorder\">3<\/a>]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  id=\"bdd3\"  style='padding-bottom:10px; ' class='av-special-heading av-special-heading-h2    avia-builder-el-10  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock  '><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Causes and Risk Factors of Body Dysmorphic Disorder<\/h2><div class='special-heading-border'><div class='special-heading-inner-border' ><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p>There is no established cause or set of causes for BDD; researchers suggest that the condition arises from a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors such as [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hopkinsmedicine.org\/health\/conditions-and-diseases\/body-dysmorphic-disorder\">4<\/a>]:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Relation to family members with BDD or other related conditions<\/li>\n<li>Experiencing of traumatic events or emotional conflict during childhood, such as neglect or abuse<\/li>\n<li>Personality traits like high neuroticism<\/li>\n<li>Low self-esteem<\/li>\n<li>Association with parents and peers who were critical of the individual&#8217;s appearance<\/li>\n<li>Other mental disorders such as social anxiety or Major Depressive Disorder<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  id=\"bdd4\"  style='padding-bottom:10px; ' class='av-special-heading av-special-heading-h2    avia-builder-el-12  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock  '><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder<\/h2><div class='special-heading-border'><div class='special-heading-inner-border' ><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Typically, mental health professionals will suggest therapeutic methods to treat mild BDD, only prescribing medication when BDD is severely affecting an individual.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  id=\"psychotherapy2\"  style='padding-bottom:10px; ' class='av-special-heading av-special-heading-h3  blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-14  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock  '><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Cognitive Behavioral therapy (CBT) <\/h3><div class='special-heading-border'><div class='special-heading-inner-border' ><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/scc.sg\/e\/cognitive-behavioural-therapy\/\">CBT<\/a> teaches individuals with BDD to rationalise negative feelings and thoughts surrounding their appearance and reframe these negative thinking patterns. By going through this process, patients are then able to\u00a0 replace their maladaptive rituals with alternate positive behaviours.\u00a0 Patients are also taught to recognise the triggers of their behaviour to learn when to actively reframe their thoughts and behaviour.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/scc.sg\/e\/cognitive-behavioural-therapy\/\">CBT<\/a> for BDD typically includes exposure and response prevention, where patients are exposed to situations that trigger their preoccupation with their appearance. These exposures increase in intensity, with the therapist guiding the patient on how to respond in a positive manner, both cognitively and behaviourally [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/conditions\/body-dysmorphia\/\">5<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  id=\"psychotherapy3\"  style='padding-bottom:10px; ' class='av-special-heading av-special-heading-h3  blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-16  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock  '><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Medication<\/h3><div class='special-heading-border'><div class='special-heading-inner-border' ><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Mental health professionals believe that BDD is related to mood-determining hormones. Thus, <a href=\"https:\/\/scc.sg\/e\/antidepressants-uses-side-effects\/\">antidepressants<\/a>, particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), can help relieve the obsessive and compulsive symptoms of BDD. Most commonly, the SSRI fluoxetine is used to treat BDD; in extremely severe cases where both CBT and medication does not reduce symptoms, clomipramine may be prescribed [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/conditions\/body-dysmorphia\/\">6<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>It may take up to 4 months for the effects of SSRIs to become evident. In the early stages of treatment, patients might experience side effects such as anxiety, indigestion, dizziness and constipation. Doctors will also pay special attention to patients under 30 as they might develop thoughts of self-harm during early treatment with SSRIs [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/mental-health\/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments\/medicines-and-psychiatry\/ssri-antidepressants\/side-effects\/\">7<\/a>]. Due to these side effects, professionals only consider SSRIs when <a href=\"https:\/\/scc.sg\/e\/cognitive-behavioural-therapy\/\">CBT<\/a> has failed as a first-choice treatment method.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  id=\"bdd5\"  style='padding-bottom:10px; ' class='av-special-heading av-special-heading-h2    avia-builder-el-18  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_toggle_container  '><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >FAQ<\/h2><div class='special-heading-border'><div class='special-heading-inner-border' ><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class=\"togglecontainer   toggle_close_all  avia-builder-el-19  el_after_av_heading  el_before_av_hr \" >\n<section class=\"av_toggle_section\"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\"  >    <div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  >        <p data-fake-id=\"#toggle-id-1\" class=\"toggler \"  itemprop=\"headline\"    role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"toggle-id-1-container\">1. What\u2019s the difference between Muscle Dysmorphia and BDD?<span class=\"toggle_icon\" >        <span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p>        <div id=\"toggle-id-1-container\" class=\"toggle_wrap \"  >            <div class=\"toggle_content invers-color \"  itemprop=\"text\"   ><p>Mental health professionals consider Muscle Dysmorphia as a subset disorder of BDD. It occurs almost exclusively in males, involving a specific preoccupation with one\u2019s muscularity. Sufferers of Muscle Dysmorphia are preoccupied with the thought that they are not muscular enough, leading to maladaptive behaviour like excessive exercise and the consumption of steroids.<\/p>\n            <\/div>        <\/div>    <\/div><\/section>\n<section class=\"av_toggle_section\"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\"  >    <div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  >        <p data-fake-id=\"#toggle-id-2\" class=\"toggler \"  itemprop=\"headline\"    role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"toggle-id-2-container\">2. Will plastic surgery resolve BDD?<span class=\"toggle_icon\" >        <span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p>        <div id=\"toggle-id-2-container\" class=\"toggle_wrap \"  >            <div class=\"toggle_content invers-color \"  itemprop=\"text\"   ><p>It is unlikely that plastic surgery will \u201ccure\u201d one\u2019s BDD &#8211; in fact, less than 10% of people with BDD who undergo plastic surgery are happy with the results [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.priorygroup.com\/blog\/the-risks-of-cosmetic-surgery-for-body-dysmorphic-disorder-patients\">7<\/a>]. This further points towards the nature of BDD as a psychological issue rather than an issue about physical flaws. It is common for BDD sufferers to face deeper root struggles with identity, standards and expectations of beauty, hurt and past trauma and more. Counselling support, rather than the correction of physical appearances, more holistically deal with these issues.<\/p>\n            <\/div>        <\/div>    <\/div><\/section>\n<\/div>\n<div   class='hr hr-default   avia-builder-el-20  el_after_av_toggle_container  avia-builder-el-last '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6584","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) - Singapore Counselling Centre<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a disorder featuring preoccupation with perceived defects or flaws in one\u2019s physical appearance.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/scc.sg\/e\/body-dysmorphic-disorder-bdd\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) - 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