{"id":7397,"date":"2022-08-11T16:57:45","date_gmt":"2022-08-11T08:57:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/scc.sg\/e\/?page_id=7397"},"modified":"2022-08-11T16:57:47","modified_gmt":"2022-08-11T08:57:47","slug":"conditioning","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/scc.sg\/e\/conditioning\/","title":{"rendered":"Conditioning"},"content":{"rendered":"

What is Behavioural Conditioning?<\/a> | Types of Behavioural Conditioning<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n

Puppy conditioning<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n

What is Behavioural Conditioning?<\/h2>
<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n

Conditioning is a type of learning by association<\/strong>, where a person or animal learns (i.e. is conditioned) to respond in a certain way to a stimulus [1<\/a>].<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n

Types of Behavioural Conditioning<\/h2>
<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n

Classical Conditioning<\/h3>
<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n

Classical conditioning is a term derived from physiologist Ivan Pavlov\u2019s famous experiment training dogs. In it, he presented a bell sound while blowing a puff of meat powder at dogs. After repeating this several times, the dogs began salivating at the bell sound, even without meat powder being blown [2<\/a>]<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Therefore, classical conditioning follows the following order: [3<\/a>]<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Firstly, an unconditioned stimulus (US) leads to an unconditioned response (UR). A neutral stimulus (NS) results in no response<\/strong>.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. Next, the US and NS are presented together<\/strong>. The person or animal displays the UR.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. Afterward, the NS alone evokes the same response<\/strong>. It has now become a conditioned stimulus<\/strong> (CS).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Classical conditioning is used to explain how humans develop phobias<\/strong>. Individuals learn to associate an otherwise-neutral stimulus with fear [4<\/a>]. <\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n

    Operant Conditioning<\/h3>
    <\/div><\/div><\/div>\n

    Operant Conditioning is the reinforcement of certain behaviours<\/strong>. To investigate this, psychologist B. F. Skinner had a group of rats learn to press a lever that dropped a pellet of food. This became known as \u2018positive reinforcement\u2019<\/strong>, where a pleasing stimulus encourages an action. Similarly, \u2018negative reinforcement\u2019<\/strong> is when an action is <\/span>not<\/span><\/i> performed and a pleasing stimulus is then provided. Subsequently, \u2018positive punishment\u2019<\/strong> occurs when an action is followed by an unpleasant stimulus (e.g. electric shock). On the other hand, \u2018negative punishment\u2019<\/strong> refers to discouraging an action by removing the pleasing stimulus.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Operant conditioning explains how certain avoidance behaviours<\/strong> are formed. Over time, individuals learn which behaviours lessen their pain or anxiety, and will then repeat those behaviours [5<\/a>].<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n

    Differences between Classical and Operant Conditioning<\/h3>
    <\/div><\/div><\/div>\n

    Typically, classical conditioning occurs automatically<\/strong>. It also involves pairing two stimuli together. Comparatively, in operant conditioning, a specific behaviour and stimuli are deliberately<\/strong> associated together.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n

    References:<\/span><\/p>\n

    [1] Psychologist World (2022). <\/span>Conditioning<\/span><\/i>. Psychologist World. <\/span>https:\/\/www.psychologistworld.com\/memory\/conditioning-intro#:~:text=Conditioning%20in%20behavioral%20psychology%20is,it%20to%20produce%20Operant%20Conditioning<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

    [2] <\/span>Windholz G. (1995) <\/span>Pavlov on the conditioned reflex method and its limitations. <\/span><\/i>Am J Psychol. 1995 Winter;108(4):575-88. PMID: 8585602.<\/span> https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/8585602\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

    [3] <\/span>Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2020). C<\/em><\/span>onditioning<\/span><\/i>. Encyclopedia Britannica.<\/span> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/conditioning<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

    [4] <\/span>Harris, B. (1979). <\/span>Whatever happened to little Albert?<\/span><\/i> American Psychologist<\/span>, 34<\/span><\/i>(2), 151\u2013160. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.34.2.151<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    [5] <\/span>Mowrer, O. H. (1960). <\/span>Learning theory and behavior.<\/span><\/i> John Wiley & Sons Inc. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/10802-000<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7397","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nConditioning - Counselling Services by Singapore Counselling Centre<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Behavioural conditioning is a type of learning by association, where a person or animal learns (i.e. is conditioned) to respond in...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/scc.sg\/e\/conditioning\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Conditioning - 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